Sois muchos los que, después del nacimiento de MEB Neurohabilitación, nos habéis preguntado cuál era nuestra ubicación y cómo desarrollamos nuestra actividad. En la actualidad, MEB presta sus servicios en el domicilio de las personas que así lo requieren. Si bien estamos inmersos en la búsqueda de nuestro espacio de vida y convivencia, y en la consiguiente -por qué no decirlo- eterna tramitación de todas las licencias y autorizaciones que se precisan.
Sin embargo -y aunque antes o después lo consigamos- apostamos y seguiremos apostando firmemente por la atención domiciliaria, ya que de acuerdo a nuestros valores, pensamos que esa integración real que pretendemos de la atención sanitaria y social es aún si cabe más factible si lo hacemos desde el propio entorno de la persona.
El objetivo de esta entrada es acercaros estos principios, en los que creemos firmemente, no solo por una cuestión de fe, sino basándonos en el conocimiento acumulado en base a nuestra experiencia en el ámbito domiciliario a lo largo de estos años.
Para comenzar, es importante contextualizar la definición de entorno, una palabra que habitualmente utilizamos en nuestro lenguaje pero que quizás no utilizamos en toda su amplitud. Si tuviera que quedarme con una definición sería con esta extraída del Modelo de Ocupación Humana que lo define como las características particulares físicas y sociales, culturales, económicas y políticas de los contextos personales que impactan en la motivación, la organización y el desempeño de la ocupación (1)
A través de esta figura se pueden ver de manera muy visual las distintas dimensiones que el entorno comprende. Todas ellas han de ser tenidas en cuenta y son indisolubles las unas de las otras.
Figura 1. Dimensiones del ambiente que impactan en la ocupación (1)
Otra idea importante sobre la que reflexionar es el impacto que tiene el propio entorno en la ocupación y en la vida de la persona. Debemos ver el entorno de la persona como el principal proveedor de oportunidades y recursos, pero a la vez de demandas y restricciones. Esto es lo que hace que la estructuración y el manejo que hacemos del mismo sea la principal herramienta que los terapeutas tenemos a nuestra disposición, sea cual sea nuestra disciplina.
Teniendo en cuenta todas las dimensiones del entorno y el inequívoco impacto que provoca en la vida de las personas (aunque en esta entrada nos ceñiremos a las más microscópicas), vamos a analizar las claves de por qué apostar por la atención especializada a domicilio:
- Desarrollar la atención en el domicilio de las personas, permite conocer de primera mano y en profundidad todas las dimensiones del entorno en las que la persona se desempeña. El terapeuta debe ser un observador innato, objetivo y neutral. Conocer todas esas dimensiones permite hacerse una idea más en profundidad, no solo de la persona, sino de todo lo que la rodea, lo que te lleva a poder plantear la intervención de una manera mucho más integral, realista, ajustada y cercana.
- Te permite conocer in situ las rutinas (tareas/formas ocupacionales) y dinámicas de relación generadas entre los grupos sociales en los que se mueve la persona (habitualmente familiares y/o cuidadores) facilitando la creación de espacios comunes en los que se puedan promover o facilitar los cambios necesarios. La creación de ese continuo (que todos los terapeutas anhelan) con los cuidadores principales, debe estar basado en el establecimiento de relaciones horizontales, en los que el terapeuta comprenda las necesidades de la persona, y en los que se puedan crear los espacios y momentos para facilitar esos cambios. Esto, desde luego, es mucho más sencillo si lo haces desde las entrañas de la vida de las personas, sin perder nunca de vista los límites que debemos siempre conocer, principalmente a la hora de no imponer a las familias un rol de coterapeutas.
- Ni que decir tiene, que todos, sin excepción alguna, poseemos un apego a determinados objetos por el significado y sentido personal que le damos a cada uno de ellos. A lo largo de nuestra vida, nos rodeamos de objetos que reflejan nuestros intereses y actividades. El hecho de poder trabajar en primera persona con estos objetos, y no con unos creados en ambientes artificiales, nos permite por un lado, un mayor conocimiento de la persona, y por otro, un uso de los mismos mucho más eficaz y significativo. Actualmente, la mayoría manejamos la idea además, de que el aprendizaje se produce en mayor medida en entornos reales y significativos.
- Trabajar en el domicilio de las personas te lleva también a conocer sus espacios y servicios de proximidad y hacer un mayor uso de ellos, con lo que la participación e integración en la comunidad se ve facilitada. Ejemplos sencillos de esto serían: poder salir a comprar una barra de pan a la panadería de toda la vida, realizar una gestión en el centro de salud y poder conocer al enfermero que atiende a la persona, etc.
- Para acabar, y desde un punto de vista más práctico, podríamos enumerar otras muchas razones por las que trabajar en el entorno domiciliario supone una ventaja: se establece un feedback bidireccional diario con la familia, evita la sobrecarga que en muchas ocasiones supone tener que trasladar a una persona a un centro (especialmente en personas gravemente afectadas) permite el acceso a profesionales especializados en los casos en los que no se dispone de recursos cercanos para la persona (zonas rurales, p.ej,)
Todas estas claves, son sólo un primer acercamiento que queremos ir haciendo para poner en valor la atención domiciliaria especializada de calidad.
Por último para terminar quiero hacerlo con esta frase que resume en breves palabras todo lo que hemos ido comentando: “La relación entre los seres humanos y sus entornos es íntima y recíproca. Para comprender la ocupación humana debemos comprender también los entornos en los que éstas ocurren”. (1)
(1). Kielhofner, Gary. 2011. Modelo de Ocupación Humana: Teoría y Aplicación. 4º edición. Buenos Aires. Editorial Médica Panamericana
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