Celebramos la reciente aparición de este artículo, revisión de revisiones (metaanálisis) acerca de un tema que lleva un tiempo resonando en los oídos de algunas de las personas que nos dedicamos al abordaje del dolor: La idea de que la relación entre cambios estructurales (lo que conocemos como daño en los tejidos) no está necesariamente vinculada a la clínica dolorosa (padecimiento de dolor). Una relación que se hace aún más incierta en los casos de dolor crónico.
“Dos terceras partes de las hernias discales se reabsorben por si solas” (1) ¡Wow! ¿Quién sabía eso?
Y ¿sabías que los cambios estructurales que aparecen en las imágenes por resonancia magnética nuclear (RMN) son muy extendidos en la inmensa mayoría de la población? Se observan en todas las franjas de edad (mas en edades avanzadas) pero para muchas de estas personas resultan asintomáticos y no causan dolor. (2) (3) En cuanto a la artrosis, la literatura habla mucho de la disonancia que existe entre la clínica y las pruebas de imagen, una simple radiografía (4) Podéis preguntárselo a cualquier médico; desde al de familia, al traumatólogo. Ellos os lo confirmarán.
Muy probablemente, ni tan siquiera la estadística y los datos científicos, serán suficientes para que mucha gente lo crea; ni terapeutas ni pacientes. Es normal. No es fácil desactivar creencias que alcanzan al global de la población y de la profesión, y que han sido forjadas y recurrentemente validadas a lo largo de una vida. Sin embargo, es ya una realidad, que –a fecha de hoy- un tsunami de conocimiento y evidencia se acerca a gran velocidad, dispuesto a obligarnos a reconceptualizar el significado de dolor. Y este pequeño artículo es un intento más para ello.
Algunos compañeros fisios, y otros colegas, posiblemente se sientan desconcertados ante la posibilidad de que mucho de lo que hasta ahora habían aprendido no sea del todo cierto; que todas aquellas maniobras, manipulaciones y técnicas, que llevan realizando a lo largo de los años posiblemente estuvieran fuera de contexto (a pesar de que dieran buenos resultados).
Pero la nuestra, es la preciosa aventura del saber, y lleva implícito pasar por ello. Ya sabéis que al abrigo de la ciencia, las cosas son como se demuestran, hasta que se demuestra lo contrario, y en estos momentos tenemos la suerte de estar viviendo un cambio a ese nivel. Tampoco será el último.
En el otro lado, en el de los pacientes, a pesar de que aun queda mucho trabajo por hacer para modificar las creencias instauradas en torno a por que nos duelen las cosas; estas noticias son -a mi entender- algo que celebrar. No todo está resuelto, ni mucho menos. Todo esto dará lugar a que en las consultas se planteen nuevos interrogantes. Por ejemplo: Doctor, entonces si no tengo una hernia ¿Qué es lo que me duele? Poco a poco, desde este espacio, trataremos de ir dando respuestas a las cuestiones que aquí se plantean. Y por supuesto estáis invitados a dar vuestra opinión y compartir experiencias.
Sigamos contextualizando, analizando el porqué de todo esto. Las resonancias magnéticas nucleares (RMN) comenzaron a utilizarse en la década de los 80. Muchos recordaréis haber ido a urgencias después de algún accidente o dolor importante y que os dijeran: en la radiografía (Rx) no se ve nada porque no se distinguen las partes blandas. Y tú te ibas diciendo: pues a mí me duele un montón; pero al menos con la certeza de que no te habías roto ningún hueso.
Éramos inconscientes ante posibles males, no teníamos consciencia sobre ellos. Sin embargo cuando llegó la RMN todo eso cambió. Su alta definición y capacidad de resolución para las partes blandas, permitió revelar multitud de nuevos detalles en los tejidos, que como es natural, dió origen a nuevos diagnósticos (edema óseo, nuevas imágenes de daño en cartílagos, discos vertebrales, afectaciones ligamentosas, etc…) Se creó una nueva ventana de consciencia de daño que no existía hasta entonces. Las consultas a los especialistas y de atención primaria se incrementaron; junto a nuevas cirugías, nuevos fármacos y al menos la presencia de una clínica de fisioterapia en la mayoría de pueblos de España. El signo de los tiempos. Si hay algo mal, roto, hay que repararlo. El hombre (cree que) puede y debe repararlo todo. Su poder está por encima de cualquier otra fuerza, incluso la de la naturaleza. Ejem…
Mas allá de estos hechos aislados, relacionados con la proliferación de las imágenes por RMN, podemos ver como se ha ido dando una evolución cultural y en nuestra manera de vivir, respecto a lo que sucedía décadas atrás. Ahora tenemos mucho más cuidado con que los niños no carguen mochilas a los hombros, con las posturas que adoptamos, con lo que comemos para prevenir posibles desajustes musculo-esqueléticos que nos lleven a tener dolor, y otras muchas cosas. A esta mayor conciencia de daño se ha vinculado un arsenal de medidas para paliarlo. Se ha llegado a un extremo (de manera natural) en el que, hoy en día, incluso existen carritos como de bebé para portar a perros, para que así no tengan que andar, o no se mojen en caso de lluvia. Nuestra consciencia de daño la hacemos fácilmente extensible a nuestro entorno más cercano.
¿Y cuál es la reacción a este nivel de consciencia (de daño)? La aparición y establecimiento del dolor. El dolor es un constructo perceptivo, obra del sistema nervioso, y por tanto subjetivo y propio para cada individuo. Podéis consultar en cualquier parte qué es dolor; y mas allá de la mera definición de base, que lo considera una experiencia sensorial y afectiva desagradable, que aparece frente a la amenaza de daño permanente en los tejidos y que genera una conducta de evitación; se puede contemplar como una señal de alarma, (fruto de un estado de evaluación y alerta) frente al peligro o al propio daño corporal.
Esta situación, de una manera tan natural como una ola que alcanza la orilla, se difunde a través de nuestra cultura (y sus medios) en nuestra sociedad, y da como resultados cifras que actualmente, en el mundo occidental, son consideradas como de epidemia; acarreando además numerosos efectos colaterales.
Fue hace ya 10 años, durante una estancia de varios meses en Madagascar, cuando -sin apenas darme cuenta- empecé a interesarme de manera especial por el tema del dolor. El hecho de conocer desde dentro aquella realidad, me hizo acumular numerosas observaciones que alimentaron mi voraz curiosidad y me permitieron dar respuesta a cuestiones (bobadas) que ya tenía en la mochila como: ¿Por qué los animales duermen en cualquier posición (sea cual sea) y no se levantan nunca con dolor? Y plantearme otras nuevas como: Cuando la gente de aquí se echa cada noche a dormir en el suelo ¿está menos a gusto que nosotros que dormimos en colchones de viscoelástica?
Observé, que al contrario de lo que pudiera parecer, el hecho de tener las peores condiciones de cuidado de su cuerpo, e infringir todas las reglas que utilizamos aquí para preservar en buena forma el aparato musculo esquelético, esto no se correlacionaba ni con las quejas de la gente ni con los casos de dolor invalidante. Claro, allí no existen ni la RMN, apenas los RX, ni los fisioterapeutas, y lo que más me llamó las atención: ni tan siquiera se conocía el significado de la palabra psicología. En definitiva -al contrario de lo que señalaba antes- allí se podría decir que no existe una consciencia de daño que implique que su cuerpo esté en peligro o se pueda dañar fácilmente. Aquí comenzamos a utilizar carritos de bebé para los perritos y allí no existen ni siquiera para los niños. Funcionamos diferente.
De aquí se podría extraer la conclusión de que el peso de los factores culturales propios a nuestra manera de vivir, tienen un alto peso específico a la hora de entender las cifras de dolor crónico en nuestro mundo.
Pero volvamos al principio. Entonces ¿ahora que? Doctor, si no es la hernia ¿Qué es lo que me duele?
Su dolor, que es tan real como lo siente, y en ningún caso psicológico, emocional o imaginario, es el producto resultante (“sonido”) de la actividad de un complejo mecanismo de alarma, el cerebro, que procesa todas las informaciones que recibe del cuerpo y del exterior, de lo vivido, de lo que vivimos, y de lo que está por vivir, se ha “pasado de vueltas” y hace sonar la alarma “cuando le da la gana”. Puede hacerlo incluso en ausencia de daño estructural relevante en los tejidos, como se recoge en multitud de estudios.
Y los terapeutas ¿Qué podemos hacer? Explicar todo esto a los pacientes, explicar como funciona ese mecanismo, de manera inequívoca y adaptada, sin juzgar y sin sesgos. Porque si la persona integra bien ese conocimiento -normalizador- y vuelve a la exposición; a la vida, con esos conceptos (conocimiento) dentro de su cerebro, el sistema se rearmará y la alarma volverá a sonar de nuevo de una manera “coherente”. Afortunadamente la propia naturaleza del problema hace que éste sea –con mas o menos dificultad- reversible. El dolor crónico no tiene por que ser para siempre.
Posiblemente para tu paciente esto no sea suficiente, y le cueste dejar de (literalmente) llorar y pensar que realmente no tiene un problema. Es necesario tener claro además, que él no es culpable de esta situación.
Imagínate lo que tienes entre manos ¿Cómo vas a hacer para convencerle de lo contrario?
Que cada uno piense, discurra y trace su propia estrategia para conseguirlo. Por que, aunque hay un marco de entendimiento y análisis común de esta situación, cada paciente tiene su plan de tratamiento, singular a él.
¿Qué os parece peor? ¿Qué el dolor lo provoque la hernia y el cambio físico estructural y anatómico ahí abajo en su columna, o ahí arriba, en su cerebro?
Nuevos retos para los mejores fisios. ¡Se puede!
David Sánchez Caballero. MEB.
(1) Zhong M, Liu JT, Jiang H, Mo W, Yu PF, Li XC, Xue RR. Incidence of Spontaneous Resorption of Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Meta-Analysis. Pain Physician. 2017 Jan-Feb;20(1):E45-E52. Review. PubMed PMID: 28072796
(2) Brinjikji W, Luetmer PH, Comstock B, Bresnahan BW, Chen LE, Deyo RA, Halabi S, Turner JA, Avins AL, James K, et al. Systematic literature review of imaging features of spinal degeneration in asymptomatic populations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015 Apr;36(4):811-6. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4173. Epub 2014 Nov 27. Review. PubMed PMID: 25430861; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4464797.
(3) Tonosu J, Oka H, Higashikawa A, Okazaki H, Tanaka S, Matsudaira K. The associations between magnetic resonance imaging findings and low back pain: A 10-year longitudinal analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Nov 15;12(11):e0188057. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188057. eCollection 2017. PubMed PMID: 29141001.
(4) Brinjikji W, Luetmer PH, Comstock B, Bresnahan BW, Chen LE, Deyo RA, Halabi S, Turner JA, Avins AL, James K, et al. Systematic literature review of imaging features of spinal degeneration in asymptomatic populations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015 Apr;36(4):811-6. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4173. Epub 2014 Nov 27. Review. PubMed PMID: 25430861; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4464797.
Me encanta David, enhorabuena!…¿Cómo podríamos ayudar a que la gente llegue a este razonamiento desde la consulta médica? Soy Médico Rehabilitador y cada día tengo pacientes con este perfil. No les convence lo que les decimos, quieren respuestas inmediatas y soluciones mágicas. Incluso hay que tener mucho cuidado y estar alerta de la gente que quiera un beneficio económico por esta situación…suelen ser perfiles profesionales concretos, personalidades similares y gente que se encuentra en procesos de tribunales médicos…¿Cómo identificarlos? ¿Cómo evitar que se saturen unidades de dolor, consultas de rehabilitación, traumatología y/o reumatología con pacientes que realmente no tienen un problema médico? Dura y difícil tarea…
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